Thermodynamics as a theory of resources

Thermodynamics as a theory of resources will be presented. Resources are states not in equilibrium with the bath. Permitted operations include thermal operations resulting from interaction of the investigated microscopic state with a large bath of a given temperature in the Gibbs state. Criteria for possible inter-state transitions between diagonal states in the energy base and for arbitrary states of a double-level system result. For microscopic systems these criteria are more restrictive than the traditional criterion of monothonicity of free energy. For many systems in the same state we are then arriving at the clasical second law of thermodynamics.

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M. Kowal, W. Piechocki, L. Roszkowski, J. Skalski